{"id":45327,"date":"2022-03-31T10:19:35","date_gmt":"2022-03-31T07:19:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iibsblogsstg.wpenginepowered.com\/?p=17716"},"modified":"2025-08-13T11:40:37","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T11:40:37","slug":"de-jerusalem-a-roma-concilio-de-jerusalem-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/israelbiblicalstudies.com\/pt\/blog\/category\/jewish-studies\/de-jerusalem-a-roma-concilio-de-jerusalem-1\/","title":{"rendered":"De Jerusal\u00e9m a Roma: Conc\u00edlio de Jerusal\u00e9m (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Meus queridos amigos, estamos entrando em Atos 15, um dos cap\u00edtulos mais importantes deste livro.\u00a0Atrevo-me a dizer que a maioria dos leitores modernos, ao ler este cap\u00edtulo, nem sempre entende o que est\u00e1 acontecendo l\u00e1.\u00a0Se algu\u00e9m fosse um Judeu religioso do s\u00e9culo I, ele definitivamente saberia o que est\u00e1 acontecendo.\u00a0Perdemos muito sem conhecer a base religiosa e \u00e9 meu trabalho aqui ajud\u00e1-los a recuperar o que perdem.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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O inqu\u00e9rito<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Este cap\u00edtulo come\u00e7a com alguns homens que \u00abdesceram da Jud\u00e9ia\u00bb e visitaram a congrega\u00e7\u00e3o em Antioquia.\u00a0Eles come\u00e7aram a ensinar que a\u00a0\u00abcircuncis\u00e3o\u00a0de acordo com a lei de Mois\u00e9s<\/i>\u00bb\u00a0\u00e9 necess\u00e1ria para a salva\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0As palavras \u00abde acordo com a lei de Mois\u00e9s<\/i>\u00bb est\u00e3o completamente perdidas por um leitor moderno.\u00a0Muitos povos do Oriente Pr\u00f3ximo praticavam a circuncis\u00e3o na \u00e9poca e muitos praticam a circuncis\u00e3o at\u00e9 agora mas somente se for feita de uma certa maneira, com uma certa cerim\u00f4nia, de acordo com a lei de Mois\u00e9s, ela se torna\u00a0br\u00edt mil\u00e1<\/i>\u00a0(\u00abalian\u00e7a da circuncis\u00e3o\u00bb).\u00a0Isso \u00e9 exatamente o que esses homens da Jud\u00e9ia exigiram.\u00a0Lemos que depois de algumas discuss\u00f5es e disputas, a congrega\u00e7\u00e3o decidiu \u00abque Paulo e Barnab\u00e9 e alguns outros deles deveriam subir a Jerusal\u00e9m, aos ap\u00f3stolos e anci\u00e3os, com respeito a esta quest\u00e3o<\/i>\u00bb.[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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O famoso tratado Judaico\u00a0Pirk\u00e9i Av\u00f3t<\/i>\u00a0come\u00e7a com as palavras: \u00abTodo Israel tem uma parte no mundo vindouro<\/em>\u00bb.\u00a0Embora este tratado tenha sido escrito muito mais tarde que o Novo Testamento, a ideia estava claramente presente tamb\u00e9m no tempo de Jesus: todo o Israel ser\u00e1 salvo.\u00a0Se soubermos disso, entenderemos a situa\u00e7\u00e3o dos crentes Judeus em Atos 15.\u00a0Depois de receberem Paulo e Barnab\u00e9 com sua pergunta, eles se reuniram para responder \u00e0 pergunta: Os Gentios podem ser salvos?\u00a0Se sim, o que eles t\u00eam que fazer?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Um jugo<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Muitos comentaristas Crist\u00e3os enfatizam as palavras de Pedro: \u00abPor que tentais a Deus, pondo sobre a cerviz dos disc\u00edpulos um jugo que nem nossos pais puderam suportar, nem n\u00f3s?<\/i>\u00bb.[2]<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Eles se op\u00f5em ao \u00abjugo da lei\u00bb, sobre o qual Pedro supostamente est\u00e1 falando, com as palavras de Jesus: \u00abMeu jugo \u00e9 suave e meu fardo \u00e9 leve<\/i>\u00bb.[3]<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tal ensino \u00e9 errado porque interpreta mal o jugo que Pedro chama de insuport\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n

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O termo \u00abjugo\u00bb neste contexto \u00e9 um termo verdadeiramente Judaico.\u00a0\u00abA met\u00e1fora do \u201cjugo\u201d \u00e9 tipicamente empregada na literatura rab\u00ednica para indicar a observ\u00e2ncia da Tor\u00e1 como um sinal de aceita\u00e7\u00e3o da alian\u00e7a de Deus (\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc \u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4;\u00a0\u00f3l Tor\u00e1<\/i>) \u2013 el \u201cjugo da Tor\u00e1\u201d, (\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc (\u05de\u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea) \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd ;\u00a0\u00f3l malj\u00fat sham\u00e1yim<\/i>) \u2013 el \u201cjugo do c\u00e9u\u201d), o (\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u00a0<\/span>\u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea<\/span>;\u00a0\u00f3l mitzv\u00f3t<\/i>) \u2013 el \u201cjugo dos mandamentos\u201d)\u00bb.[4]<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Judeus observadores n\u00e3o consideram a Tor\u00e1 um fardo, mas sim uma alegria!\u00a0Na literatura rab\u00ednica, aceitar \u00abo jugo do reino dos c\u00e9us\u00bb significa reconhecer a soberania de Deus e obedec\u00ea-Lo por amor a Ele.\u00a0Uma vez que algu\u00e9m ama a Deus, escolheria alegremente obedecer aos seus mandamentos, exatamente como Jesus diz: \u00abSe voc\u00ea me ama, guardar\u00e1 meus mandamentos<\/i>\u00bb.[5]<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0O jugo de seus mandamentos n\u00e3o \u00e9 um fardo se algu\u00e9m ama a Deus.\u00a0Neste sentido, o termo Judaico \u00abjugo\u00bb n\u00e3o significa um fardo mais opressivo do que o jugo de Jesus.<\/p>\n

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Ent\u00e3o, o que \u00e9 esse jugo insuport\u00e1vel de que Pedro falava?\u00a0Como exemplo, vamos considerar a exig\u00eancia de circuncis\u00e3o com a qual este cap\u00edtulo, e todo o debate, come\u00e7aram.\u00a0Embora \u00abos homens da Jud\u00e9ia\u00bb exigissem que a circuncis\u00e3o fosse realizada \u00abde acordo com a lei de Mois\u00e9s\u00bb, n\u00e3o encontramos nenhuma especifica\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a \u00abmaneira\u00bb da circuncis\u00e3o na Tor\u00e1.\u00a0Por qu\u00ea?\u00a0E onde essas especificidades s\u00e3o descritas?\u00a0Aqui chegamos a um ponto muito importante que nos ajudaria a entender sobre qual jugo Pedro estava falando: nesta \u00e9poca, na mente dos Judeus religiosos, \u00aba lei de Mois\u00e9s\u00bb j\u00e1 era um enorme comp\u00eandio tanto de mandamentos e interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es de como sair destes mandamentos.\u00a0Estas interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es pertenciam \u00e0 chamada \u00abTor\u00e1 Oral\u00bb.\u00a0 A Tor\u00e1 Oral foi entendida como tendo sido dada a Mois\u00e9s no Monte Sinai junto com a Tor\u00e1 Escrita.\u00a0No s\u00e9culo I, a Tor\u00e1 Escrita e a Tor\u00e1 Oral estavam absolutamente entrela\u00e7adas: se algu\u00e9m vai contra a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, aos olhos das pessoas religiosas eles v\u00e3o contra a Tor\u00e1.\u00a0Esta \u00e9 a raz\u00e3o pela qual Jesus foi acusado v\u00e1rias vezes de \u00abviolar a lei\u00bb porque os milagres que ele realizou no\u00a0Shab\u00e1t<\/i>, segundo a tradi\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o eram permitidos.\u00a0Isso nos ajuda a ver que a decis\u00e3o do Conc\u00edlio de Jerusal\u00e9m em Atos 15 foi muito corajosa e verdadeiramente revolucion\u00e1ria mas n\u00e3o se entenderia se n\u00e3o se conhecesse a situa\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa na terra neste momento.\u00a0Tamb\u00e9m nos ajuda a entender de que \u00abjugo\u00bb Pedro falava: n\u00e3o era o jugo dos mandamentos da Tor\u00e1, dados por Deus, mas um jugo de tradi\u00e7\u00f5es prescritas pelos homens!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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O discurso de Tiago<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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O discurso de Tiago \u00e9, sem d\u00favida, a pe\u00e7a central deste cap\u00edtulo.\u00a0Alguns estudiosos[6]<\/a> <\/strong>afirmam que a fala de Tiago pertence ao g\u00eanero de\u00a0yelammed\u00e9nu.\u00a0Yelammed\u00e9nu<\/i>\u00a0\u00e9 a homilia hal\u00e1quica especial (geralmente come\u00e7a com as palavras\u00a0yelammed\u00e9nu rabb\u00e9nu<\/i>, \u00abQue nosso mestre nos ensine<\/i>\u00bb, da\u00ed o nome) que cont\u00e9m tanto refer\u00eancias ao precedente quanto \u00e0s Escrituras.\u00a0Aqui o precedente ao qual Tiago se refere \u00e9 a hist\u00f3ria do evangelismo de Pedro a Corn\u00e9lio e sua casa.\u00a0A refer\u00eagncia \u00e0s Escrituras \u00e9 uma cita\u00e7\u00e3o de Am\u00f3s.\u00a0Surpreendentemente, n\u00e3o ouvimos nenhuma refer\u00eancia \u00e0 Tor\u00e1 que deva preceder um apelo aos profetas;\u00a0portanto, alguns estudiosos sugerem que o que temos em Atos 15\u00a0\u00e9 apenas um fragmento de um discurso mais longo.<\/p>\n

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Como o dirigente, Tiago resume a discuss\u00e3o.\u00a0Para entender sua conclus\u00e3o, precisamos saber o que \u00e9\u00a0o\u00a0takkan\u00e1<\/i>\u00a0rab\u00ednico.\u00a0Takkan\u00e1\u00a0<\/i>\u00e9 um regulamento emitido pela autoridade rab\u00ednica que revisa uma ordenan\u00e7a que n\u00e3o satisfaz mais os requisitos dos tempos ou circunst\u00e2ncias.\u00a0Takkan\u00f3t<\/i>\u00a0(plural de\u00a0takkan\u00e1<\/i>) s\u00e3o considerados extens\u00f5es da lei;\u00a0eles s\u00e3o de origem antiga e cobrem diferentes t\u00f3picos.\u00a0Tiago conclui sua reuni\u00e3o com tal\u00a0takkan\u00e1<\/i>\u00a0e, da pr\u00f3xima vez, discutiremos o conte\u00fado deste\u00a0takkan\u00e1<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0Atos 15:2.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0Atos 15:10.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Mateus 11:30.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>Hillary Le Cornu, Joseph Shulam, The Jewish Roots of Acts, <\/em>Vol.I, p. 823<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Jo\u00e3o 14:15.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u00a0 G. K. Beale and D. A. Carson. Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament (p. 589). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.<\/p>\n

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Gostaria de lembr\u00e1-los,\u00a0queridos amigos,\u00a0<\/i><\/u><\/i>que oferecemos um curso maravilhoso, \u00abContexto Judaico do Novo Testamento\u00bb.\u00a0<\/i>Como sempre, voc\u00eas podem entrar em contato comigo para obter mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es.\u00a0Al\u00e9m disso, se voc\u00eas gostam dos artigos deste blog, voc\u00eas tamb\u00e9m podem gostar dos meus livros, voc\u00eas podem obt\u00ea-los <\/i>aqui<\/a>.<\/u><\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Meus queridos amigos, estamos entrando em Atos 15, um dos cap\u00edtulos mais importantes deste livro.\u00a0Atrevo-me a dizer que a maioria dos leitores modernos, ao ler este cap\u00edtulo, nem sempre entende o que est\u00e1 acontecendo l\u00e1.\u00a0Se algu\u00e9m fosse um Judeu religioso do s\u00e9culo I, ele definitivamente saberia o que est\u00e1 acontecendo.\u00a0Perdemos muito sem conhecer a base […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":44697,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[395],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jewish-studies"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDe Jerusal\u00e9m a Roma: Conc\u00edlio de Jerusal\u00e9m (1) - Israel Institute of Biblical Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Meus queridos amigos, estamos entrando em Atos 15, um dos cap\u00edtulos mais importantes deste livro.\u00a0Atrevo-me a dizer que a maioria dos leitores modernos,\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/israelbiblicalstudies.com\/pt\/blog\/category\/jewish-studies\/de-jerusalem-a-roma-concilio-de-jerusalem-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"De Jerusal\u00e9m a Roma: Conc\u00edlio de Jerusal\u00e9m (1) - 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