{"id":45337,"date":"2022-06-15T11:09:23","date_gmt":"2022-06-15T08:09:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iibsblogsstg.wpenginepowered.com\/?p=17851"},"modified":"2025-08-13T11:40:34","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T11:40:34","slug":"de-jerusalem-a-roma-judeus-e-gentios","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/israelbiblicalstudies.com\/pt\/blog\/category\/jewish-studies\/de-jerusalem-a-roma-judeus-e-gentios\/","title":{"rendered":"De Jerusal\u00e9m a Roma: Judeus e Gentios"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Meus caros leitores, enfim, podemos voltar \u00e0 s\u00e9rie que foi pausada, aos coment\u00e1rios sobre o livro de Atos.\u00a0Gostaria de lembr\u00e1-los por que escolhi este livro em particular para discutir.\u00a0Embora todo o Novo Testamento tenha sido amplamente mal interpretado e mal compreendido, o livro de Atos \u00e9 especialmente fundamental para entender o que aconteceu entre o Juda\u00edsmo e o Cristianismo.\u00a0\u00c0 primeira vista, at\u00e9 a pr\u00f3pria estrutura deste livro anuncia uma grande separa\u00e7\u00e3o: a narrativa come\u00e7a em Jerusal\u00e9m e termina em Roma!\u00a0Nesse sentido, o livro \u00e9 realmente muito claro: a mensagem de Jesus deve ir tamb\u00e9m para os Gentios, deve se espalhar de Jerusal\u00e9m a Roma!\u00a0No entanto, o contexto hist\u00f3rico e cultural Judaico do livro de Atos \u00e9 muitas vezes esquecido pelo leitor moderno e meu objetivo aqui \u00e9 restaurar esse pano de fundo (pelo menos,\u00a0tanto quanto o formato do post permite) e \u00a0demonstrar o Juda\u00edsmo deste livro.\u00a0Portanto, abordo aqui apenas os detalhes que pertencem ao contexto Judaico e n\u00e3o s\u00e3o \u00f3bvios para um leitor Crist\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Meu \u00faltimo artigo sobre o livro de Atos foi sobre o conc\u00edlio de Jerusal\u00e9m no Cap\u00edtulo 15. Hoje, continuamos do Cap\u00edtulo 16.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Tim\u00f3teo era um gentio?<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00abHavia ali um disc\u00edpulo chamado Tim\u00f3teo, filho de Judia crente, mas de pai Grego<\/i>\u00bb.<\/em>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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A maioria dos Crist\u00e3os pensa que Tim\u00f3teo era um Gentio, j\u00e1 que seu pai era Grego.\u00a0Esta opini\u00e3o \u00e9 baseada no fato de que as genealogias no\u00a0Tan\u00e1j<\/i>\u00a0(Antigo Testamento) geralmente mencionam homens, n\u00e3o mulheres.\u00a0Alguns de voc\u00eas podem saber, por\u00e9m, que hoje em dia a descend\u00eancia Judaica ou n\u00e3o Judaica \u00e9 tra\u00e7ada atrav\u00e9s da m\u00e3e, n\u00e3o do pai.\u00a0O filho de m\u00e3e Judia e pai Gentio \u00e9 Judeu, mas o filho de m\u00e3e Gentia e pai Judeu \u00e9 Gentio.\u00a0A quest\u00e3o \u00e9 se a descend\u00eancia Judaica j\u00e1 era definida pela m\u00e3e no s\u00e9culo I.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ao fazer esta pergunta, nos encontramos em uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o muito interessante, porque n\u00e3o sabemos ao certo quando aconteceu esta mudan\u00e7a de uma regra patriarcal para uma matriarcal no Juda\u00edsmo.\u00a0Existem algumas pesquisas que datam a descend\u00eancia matriarcal dos Judeus ao segundo e provavelmente at\u00e9 ao s\u00e9culo I.[2]<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Talvez, apenas talvez, a situa\u00e7\u00e3o que testemunhamos em Atos 16\u00a0aconteceu precisamente durante o tempo desta mudan\u00e7a.<\/p>\n

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Embora diferentes teorias tentem explicar essa mudan\u00e7a de maneiras diferentes, \u00e9 claro que a import\u00e2ncia de rastrear o Juda\u00edsmo atrav\u00e9s da m\u00e3e aumentou quando as fam\u00edlias Judias foram dilaceradas por perseguidores: se uma mulher Judia era abusada, pode ser imposs\u00edvel determinar quem era o pai.\u00a0 \u00c9 por isso que a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o do Segundo Templo (70 d.C.) parece um momento muito prov\u00e1vel: a mudan\u00e7a pode ter acontecido por volta desta \u00e9poca, logo ap\u00f3s a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Agora, de volta a Atos: De acordo com os estudiosos, embora seja imposs\u00edvel estabelecer uma data precisa, o livro de Atos provavelmente foi composto no final do s\u00e9culo I ou mesmo no in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo II d.C., em qualquer caso, ap\u00f3s a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o do Templo.\u00a0Se nossa sugest\u00e3o acima estiver correta, e a mudan\u00e7a para uma descend\u00eancia matriarcal de fato aconteceu logo ap\u00f3s a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o, ent\u00e3o, aos olhos de um escritor (Lucas) e seus leitores Judeus, Tim\u00f3teo era, sem d\u00favida, Judeu.\u00a0No entanto, n\u00e3o parece ser o caso da narrativa em si, o que obviamente acontece antes da destrui\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Talvez, naquela \u00e9poca, a descend\u00eancia Judia matriarcal j\u00e1 estivesse \u00abno ar\u00bb, mas claramente ainda n\u00e3o estava oficialmente estabelecida.\u00a0Tim\u00f3teo n\u00e3o era circuncidado e isso significa que nem aos seus pr\u00f3prios olhos nem aos olhos dos Judeus ao seu redor, ele era Judeu.\u00a0Neste sentido, o que Paulo fez quando \u00abquis que ele fosse em sua companhia e, por isso, circuncidou-o por causa dos Judeus daqueles lugares; pois todos sabiam que seu pai era Grego<\/i>\u00bb[3]<\/a><\/strong> \u2013 definitivamente era uma afirma\u00e7\u00e3o!\u00a0De fato, por esse ato, Paulo est\u00e1 dizendo que Tim\u00f3teo \u00e9 Judeu, pois sua m\u00e3e \u00e9 Judia.<\/p>\n

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H\u00e1 v\u00e1rias coisas na tradi\u00e7\u00e3o Judaica onde as primeiras evid\u00eancias s\u00e3o encontradas no Novo Testamento (por exemplo, anunciar o nome de um menino durante sua circuncis\u00e3o \u2013\u00a0Lucas 1:59<\/a>\u00a0), e esta circuncis\u00e3o de Tim\u00f3teo pode ser apenas uma delas: O Rabino Sa\u00fal declara aqui que um filho de m\u00e3e Judia e pai Gentio \u00e9 Judeu!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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O voto de nazireu<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Uma das declara\u00e7\u00f5es de Jesus que \u00e0s vezes deixam seus seguidores perplexos diz respeito a juramentos: \u00abN\u00e3o jureis de forma alguma, nem pelo c\u00e9u, porque \u00e9 o trono de Deus, nem pela terra, porque \u00e9 o escabelo de seus p\u00e9s, nem por Jerusal\u00e9m, pois \u00e9 a cidade do grande Rei<\/i>\u00bb.\u00a0<\/i>A abordagem de Jesus parece muito radical: enquanto os juramentos eram permitidos na Tor\u00e1, ele parece proibi-los completamente.\u00a0Curiosamente, Jesus n\u00e3o \u00e9 o \u00fanico a abordar esta quest\u00e3o: diferentes textos Judaicos deste per\u00edodo falam de juramentos.\u00a0Por exemplo, embora n\u00e3o tenhamos uma proibi\u00e7\u00e3o expl\u00edcita de jurar pelos pr\u00f3prios textos do Mar Morto, Josefo escreve que os Ess\u00eanios evitam juramentos e que o que eles dizem \u00e9 mais forte que um juramento.\u00a0No entanto, ao lermos o livro de Atos, come\u00e7amos a duvidar: Jesus realmente proibiu todos os votos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Em Atos 18, lemos que Paulo \u00abcortou\u00a0o cabelo em Cencr\u00e9ia, porque tomara voto<\/i>\u00bb.[4]<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ent\u00e3o, Paulo realmente fez um voto, provavelmente um voto de Nazireu, conforme descrito na Tor\u00e1.\u00a0Em N\u00fameros 6, lemos que o voto de Nazireu consistia em n\u00e3o tocar nos mortos, abster-se de produtos da videira e n\u00e3o cortar o cabelo.\u00a0Geralmente era de um a tr\u00eas meses de dura\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Ao final do voto, o Nazireu tinha que cortar o cabelo e queim\u00e1-lo no altar do templo, e oferecer sacrif\u00edcios espec\u00edficos.<\/p>\n

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Mais tarde, em Atos 21, veremos outra cena envolvendo tanto Paulo quanto o voto de Nazireu.\u00a0Em\u00a0Atos 21:21-26<\/a>\u00a0veremos o Ap\u00f3stolo Paulo oferecendo um sacrif\u00edcio no templo e passando por uma purifica\u00e7\u00e3o cerimonial por sete dias!\u00a0Da pr\u00f3xima vez, \u00e0 medida que avan\u00e7amos para estes cap\u00edtulos, discutiremos esta hist\u00f3ria not\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0Atos 16:1.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Lawrence H.\u00a0 Schiffman, Who Was a Jew? \u2013 Rabbinic and Halachic Perspectives on the Jewish Christian Schism – <\/em>\u00a0Hoboken New Jersey, Ktav, 1985.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0Atos 16:3.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u00a0Atos 18:18.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
Gostaria de lembr\u00e1-los,\u00a0queridos amigos<\/i>,\u00a0<\/i>que a eTeacher oferece um curso maravilhoso, \u00abAntecedentes Judaicos do Novo Testamento\u00bb.\u00a0Como sempre, voc\u00eas est\u00e3o convidados a entrar em contato comigo para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es!\u00a0Al\u00e9m disso, se voc\u00eas gostam dos artigos deste blog, voc\u00eas tamb\u00e9m podem gostar dos meus livros, voc\u00eas podem obt\u00ea-los <\/i>aqui<\/u><\/a>.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Meus caros leitores, enfim, podemos voltar \u00e0 s\u00e9rie que foi pausada, aos coment\u00e1rios sobre o livro de Atos.\u00a0Gostaria de lembr\u00e1-los por que escolhi este livro em particular para discutir.\u00a0Embora todo o Novo Testamento tenha sido amplamente mal interpretado e mal compreendido, o livro de Atos \u00e9 especialmente fundamental para entender o que aconteceu entre o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":44707,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[395],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jewish-studies"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDe Jerusal\u00e9m a Roma: Judeus e Gentios - Israel Institute of Biblical Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Meus caros leitores, enfim, podemos voltar \u00e0 s\u00e9rie que foi pausada, aos coment\u00e1rios sobre o livro de Atos.\u00a0Gostaria de lembr\u00e1-los por que escolhi este\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/israelbiblicalstudies.com\/pt\/blog\/category\/jewish-studies\/de-jerusalem-a-roma-judeus-e-gentios\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"De Jerusal\u00e9m a Roma: Judeus e Gentios - 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