{"id":9511,"date":"2016-03-07T13:26:47","date_gmt":"2016-03-07T10:26:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/iibsblogs.wpengine.com\/pt-br\/?p=9511"},"modified":"2025-08-13T11:33:53","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T11:33:53","slug":"are-there-still-jews-and-greeks-in-christ-jesus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/israelbiblicalstudies.com\/pt\/blog\/category\/jewish-studies\/are-there-still-jews-and-greeks-in-christ-jesus\/","title":{"rendered":"Ainda h\u00e1 Judeus e Gregos em Cristo Jesus?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Outro \u00f3timo artigo por Dr. Eli Lizorkin-Eyzenberg<\/strong><\/p>\n

Isto pode soar como uma pergunta muito est\u00fapida (ainda h\u00e1 Judeus e Gregos em Cristo?), mas eu n\u00e3o posso contar quantas pessoas ao longo dos anos t\u00eam citado para mim um determinado texto da \u00fanica correspond\u00eancia sobrevivente do Fariseu do primeiro s\u00e9culo, Saulo Paulo. Este texto refere-se aos crentes na Gal\u00e1cia, que pensavam que, uma vez que eles agora seguiam ao Cristo Judeu, a opini\u00e3o geral era que eles n\u00e3o deviam simplesmente ser parte da coaliz\u00e3o Judaica (peregrinos com Israel), mas eles tamb\u00e9m deviam adotar todos os costumes ancestrais dos Judeus (isto \u00e9 o que significava se converter ao Juda\u00edsmo naquela \u00e9poca). \u00c9 a eles, nesta carta matizada e comumente incompreendida que o amado Ap\u00f3stolo escreveu: \u201cN\u00e3o h\u00e1 nem Judeu nem Grego… em Cristo Jesus\u201d (G\u00e1latas 3:28).<\/p>\n

Voltaremos a este texto muito importante mais tarde, mas primeiro fornecerei uma pequena informa\u00e7\u00e3o contextual para estabelecer a base para nossa discuss\u00e3o posterior.<\/p>\n

Antecedentes importantes de Judeus e Gregos<\/h4>\n

Crentes Gentios da G\u00e1lacia (os destinat\u00e1rios da carta de Paulo) consideravam seriamente a convers\u00e3o ao Juda\u00edsmo. N\u00e3o viam nada de errado nisso, afinal de contas, a famosa frase de Rute a Moabita \u201cseu Deus ser\u00e1 o meu Deus, teu povo ser\u00e1 o meu povo\u201d, era amplamente aclamada.<\/p>\n

As convers\u00f5es foram amplamente atestadas dos tempos antigos. No entanto convers\u00f5es como eles praticavam ent\u00e3o, t\u00eam pouco em comum com as convers\u00f5es como as entendemos hoje. Ao contr\u00e1rio de antigamente, “religi\u00e3o” hoje \u00e9 vista como uma categoria pr\u00f3pria, ssim algu\u00e9m pode ser Irland\u00eas e Judeu, Americano e Judeu, Russo e Judeu e assim por diante. Os povos antigos, no entanto, n\u00e3o falavam de convers\u00e3o em termos de simplesmente aceitar outra religi\u00e3o, enquanto culturalmente permaneciam os mesmos. Para eles a convers\u00e3o ao Juda\u00edsmo significava se juntar ao povo de Israel (especialmente sua parte sul, “Judaicos” e, portanto, “Juda\u00edsmo”) e a ado\u00e7\u00e3o de um conjunto de costumes ancestrais, que permeavam todas as \u00e1reas da vida. Em outras palavras, a convers\u00e3o ao Juda\u00edsmo era um ‘conjunto de compromissos’. Se convertido, era esperado que ele ou ela cortasse os la\u00e7os com sua cultura anterior em todos os aspectos, n\u00e3o apenas aceitando uma nova divindade, mas todo o conjunto (Deus e as pessoas).<\/p>\n

No entanto, isto era apenas um paradigma de legitimar a dedica\u00e7\u00e3o dos Gentios ao Deus de Israel. Havia outro, chamo a isto o paradigma de \u201cNaam\u00e3\u201d, para distingui-lo do paradigma de \u201cRute\u201d.<\/p>\n

Voc\u00ea deve se lembrar da hist\u00f3ria da cura de Naam\u00e3 (2 Reis 5), onde uma escrava Israelita raptada disse \u00e0 esposa de Naam\u00e3 que a lepra do marido poderia ser curada por um profeta que vivia em Israel. Com a permiss\u00e3o do seu rei Arameu, Naam\u00e3 foi para Samaria, na esperan\u00e7a de receber a b\u00ean\u00e7\u00e3o da cura. N\u00e3o tenho espa\u00e7o aqui para expor esta incr\u00edvel hist\u00f3ria, basta dizer que, quando Naam\u00e3 finalmente recebeu sua cura por lavar-se sete vezes em um rio Israelita (antigamente os rios eram considerados pelas pessoas como canais de b\u00ean\u00e7\u00e3os divinas), proclamou que \u2018n\u00e3o h\u00e1 Deus em toda a terra, exceto em Israel\u2019.<\/p>\n

Notavelmente, ele n\u00e3o disse ou fez como Rute. Ele retornou ao seu pa\u00eds e seu povo e l\u00e1 continuou a adorar o Deus de Israel. Em contraste com Rute, a Moabita, o enfoque de Naam\u00e3 estava mais orientado para: \u201cSeu Deus ser\u00e1 o meu Deus, mas meu povo ainda ser\u00e1 meu povo<\/em>\u201d. Curiosamente, no final ele recebe do profeta de Deus a maior b\u00ean\u00e7\u00e3o de todas, a b\u00ean\u00e7\u00e3o de Shalom (2 Reis 5:18-19).<\/p>\n

Na minha opini\u00e3o n\u00e3o h\u00e1 d\u00favida que os ap\u00f3stolos Judeus em Atos 15 (a reuni\u00e3o que \u00e9 muitas vezes referida como o \u201cConselho de Jerusal\u00e9m\u201d) pensavam que os Gentios vinham \u00e0 f\u00e9 no Cristo Judeu segundo a trajet\u00f3ria de Naam\u00e3 e n\u00e3o segundo a de Ruth.<\/p>\n

Eles proibiram expressamente apenas quatro categorias de comportamento, reafirmando desse modo as mesmas proibi\u00e7\u00f5es que foram estabelecidas para os peregrinos em Israel, descritas em Lev\u00edtico 17-18. Ser seguidores n\u00e3o-Judeus do Cristo Judeu no Imp\u00e9rio Romano era bastante dif\u00edcil (em sua nova vida se confrontavam acentuadamente com muitas pr\u00e1ticas religiosas Romanas e aceitavam normas de comportamento patri\u00f3tico), assim os ap\u00f3stolos decidiram n\u00e3o colocar sobre eles qualquer encargo adicional. Em Atos 15:21 (1)<\/a>, parece que foi assumido que crentes Gentios deveriam frequentar sinagogas onde eles viviam e ouviriam as leituras sobre Moises e ouvindo presumivelmente tamb\u00e9m o que o Juda\u00edsmo ensinava de modo geral sobre viver uma vida justa. Em termos pr\u00e1ticos, observar estas quatro leis potencialmente permitiria aos crentes Gentios a comunh\u00e3o com Judeus sem os ofender e sem ser condenado ao ostracismo por eles.<\/p>\n

Atos 16:4-5 nos diz que o ap\u00f3stolo Saulo Paulo endossou totalmente a decis\u00e3o do \u201cConselho de Jerusal\u00e9m\u201d e proclamou sua mensagem com grande alegria quando ele viajava de congrega\u00e7\u00e3o em congrega\u00e7\u00e3o. A plena observ\u00e2ncia da Tor\u00e1 (convers\u00e3o pros\u00e9lita ao Juda\u00edsmo) era desnecess\u00e1ria para qualquer Gentio que se juntava a coliga\u00e7\u00e3o Judaica por seguir a Cristo Judeu. Eles tamb\u00e9m (como as Na\u00e7\u00f5es) eram agora cidad\u00e3os de primeira classe no Reino de Deus.<\/p>\n

N\u00e3o h\u00e1 nem Judeu nem Grego? N\u00e3o e sim.<\/h4>\n

Agora para retornar ao texto que abordei anteriormente, G\u00e1latas 3:26-29 (especialmente vs. 28):<\/p>\n

26 Pois todos v\u00f3s sois filhos de Deus mediante a f\u00e9 em Cristo Jesus, 27 porque todos quantos fostes batizados em Cristo, de Cristo vos revestistes. 28 Dessarte n\u00e3o pode haver Judeu nem Grego<\/strong>, nem escravo nem liberto; nem homem nem mulher<\/strong>; porque todos v\u00f3s sois um em Cristo Jesus; for\u00a0you are all one in\u00a0Christ Jesus. 29 E, se sois \u00a0de Cristo, tamb\u00e9m sois descendentes de Abra\u00e3o, e herdeiros segundo a promessa.<\/p>\n

O ap\u00f3stolo Saulo Paulo dirigindo-se aos Gentios seguidores do Cristo Judeu, lhes diz que, por meio da f\u00e9, eles agora s\u00e3o contados entre os filhos de Deus, em virtude de sua submiss\u00e3o a cerim\u00f4nia Judaica de lavagem com \u00e1gua (batismo) em nome de Jesus Cristo. Sua identidade agora foi redefinida pelo pr\u00f3prio Cristo Judeu (vs. 26-27). No cap\u00edtulo anterior Paulo falou \u00a0de sua pr\u00f3pria identidade em termos semelhantes: \u201cEu estou crucificado com Cristo; logo, j\u00e1 n\u00e3o sou eu quem vive, mas Cristo vive em mim; e esse viver que agora tenho na carne, vivo pela f\u00e9 no Filho de Deus, que me amou e a si mesmo se entregou por mim\u201d (G\u00e1latas 2:20).<\/p>\n

Quando G\u00e1latas 3:28 \u00e9 citado, \u00e9 usual que apenas a primeira parte seja enfatizada, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 nem Judeu (\u1f38\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2) nem Grego (\u1f1d\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd) com a exclus\u00e3o do resto do vers\u00edculo\u00a0(2)<\/a>. A conclus\u00e3o muitas vezes tirada desta frase \u00e9 que j\u00e1 n\u00e3o h\u00e1 qualquer distin\u00e7\u00e3o ou diferen\u00e7a entre Judeu e Grego (neste caso, provavelmente, “Gentio” por extens\u00e3o). Mas isso n\u00e3o faz sentido quando continuamos a ler: \u201cnem homem nem mulher\u201d em Cristo Jesus. Seguindo essa l\u00f3gica, se distin\u00e7\u00e3o ou diferen\u00e7a est\u00e3o em quest\u00e3o, podemos concluir (como alguns na verdade) que, em Cristo, casamentos do mesmo sexo s\u00e3o aceit\u00e1veis. A l\u00f3gica falha, no entanto, quando as mesmas pessoas que se op\u00f5em ao casamento homossexual, alegando que os homens permanecem \u00a0homens e as mulheres permanecem \u00a0mulheres, n\u00e3o conseguem ver que eles n\u00e3o podem aplicar dois padr\u00f5es. Em outras palavras, se os homens e as mulheres ainda conservam diferen\u00e7a de g\u00eanero \u00a0(como certamente fazem), \u00a0ent\u00e3o assim os Judeus e os Gregos conservam suas diferen\u00e7as, mesmo em Cristo.<\/p>\n

N\u00e3o h\u00e1 mais discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o entre Judeus e Gregos<\/h4>\n

Com isto concluo que alguma coisa al\u00e9m de diferen\u00e7a tornando-se absolutamente o mesmo \u00e9 pretendida por Saulo Paulo neste texto. Ele sabe muito bem que ainda existem diferen\u00e7as entre os Judeus e as Na\u00e7\u00f5es; na verdade isso \u00e9 muito importante para ele, ele na verdade, estabelece uma regra em todas as suas congrega\u00e7\u00f5es que isso n\u00e3o mudaria (1 Co 7:17). Ele acredita que os Judeus devem continuar a adorar o Deus de Israel, atrav\u00e9s de Jesus, como Judeus, mas ele tamb\u00e9m acredita que os crentes Gentios deveriam permanecer como est\u00e3o, Na\u00e7\u00f5es, adorando o Deus de Israel e o mundo inteiro ao lado dos Judeus. Para Paulo, este \u00e9 o cumprimento final do Shemah Israel\/Unidade de Deus (Rom. 3:28-30; Dt 6:4)(3)<\/a>, algo, como Mark Nanos perspicazmente apontou \u00e9 nada menos que o pr\u00f3prio centro da teologia de Paulo. Se Gentios em Cristo se tornam Judeus, o Deus de Israel seria destinado a permanecer uma divindade tribal! No entanto, se ambos, os Judeus e as Na\u00e7\u00f5es adoram o mesmo Deus como Judeus e \u00a0Na\u00e7\u00f5es, o Deus que Paulo o Fariseu acreditava com todo o seu cora\u00e7\u00e3o seria ent\u00e3o revelado por quem ele realmente \u00e9, o Deus do mundo inteiro!<\/p>\n

O que o Ap\u00f3stolo Saulo Paulo quis dizer com a frase \u201cn\u00e3o h\u00e1 nem Judeu nem Grego\u201d tinha a ver n\u00e3o com a cessa\u00e7\u00e3o da diferen\u00e7a, mas com a cessa\u00e7\u00e3o da discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o. N\u00e3o existe discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 ra\u00e7a, cultura, posi\u00e7\u00e3o, ou g\u00eanero, pois todos s\u00e3o um no Cristo Judeu. Gentios j\u00e1 n\u00e3o ser\u00e3o discriminados no Reino do Deus de Israel. Eles agora v\u00e3o ter uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o igualmente importante no plano redentor de Deus. Sua f\u00e9 no Cristo Judeu somente os qualifica e justifica (tanto quanto os Judeus) em todos os sentidos como cidad\u00e3os de primeira classe no Reino de Deus, sem abdicar de sua identidade importante como as \u201cNa\u00e7\u00f5es do Mundo\u201d. Isto \u00e9 exatamente porque o ap\u00f3stolo Saulo Paulo se alegrou grandemente na decis\u00e3o do \u201cConselho de Jerusal\u00e9m\u201d, assim como todas as congrega\u00e7\u00f5es fundadas por ele (Atos 15-16). Para Paulo, a justifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos Gentios pela f\u00e9 sem as obras da Tor\u00e1 n\u00e3o anula, mas estabelece (provou) a Tor\u00e1 como verdadeira (Rom.3:31).<\/p>\n

[x_line]<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Desde gera\u00e7\u00f5es antigas h\u00e1 em toda cidade aqueles que pregam sobre Moises, pois l\u00ea-se sobre ele nas sinagogas todos os S\u00e1bados.<\/li>\n
  2. Note que o texto n\u00e3o usa a palavra “Gentio” (como faz a NVI e v\u00e1rias outras tradu\u00e7\u00f5es), mas em vez disso, \u201cGrego\u201d, de forma paralela a Judeu.<\/li>\n
  3. Leia um excelente artigo de Mark Nanos clicando\u00a0AQUI<\/strong>. Seu site pessoal pode ser encontrado em\u00a0www.marknanos.com.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    What Apostle Saul Paul meant by the phrase \u201cthere is neither Jew nor Greek\u201d had to do, not with cessation of difference, but with cessation of discrimination. There is no discrimination with regard to race, culture, rank, or gender, for all are one in the Jewish Christ. Gentiles will no longer be discriminated against in the Kingdom of Israel\u2019s God. They now will play an equally important rule in God\u2019s redemptive plan. Their faith in the Jewish Christ alone qualifies and justifies them (just as it does the Jews) in every way to be first-class citizens in God\u2019s Kingdom, without relinquishing their important identity as the \u201cNations of the World\u201d. This is exactly why Apostle Saul Paul rejoiced greatly in the decision of \u201cJerusalem Council\u201d, as did all the congregations planted by him (Acts 15-16). To Paul, the justification of Gentiles by faith without the works of the Torah, did not nullify, but establish (proved) the Torah to be true (Rom.3:31).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":10993,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[395],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jewish-studies"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAinda h\u00e1 Judeus e Gregos em Cristo Jesus? - Israel Institute of Biblical Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What Apostle Saul Paul meant by the phrase \u201cthere is neither Jew nor Greek\u201d had to do, not with cessation of difference, but with cessation of discrimination. There is no discrimination with regard to race, culture, rank, or gender, for all are one in the Jewish Christ. Gentiles will no longer be discriminated against in the Kingdom of Israel\u2019s God. They now will play an equally important rule in God\u2019s redemptive plan. Their faith in the Jewish Christ alone qualifies and justifies them (just as it does the Jews) in every way to be first-class citizens in God\u2019s Kingdom, without relinquishing their important identity as the \u201cNations of the World\u201d. This is exactly why Apostle Saul Paul rejoiced greatly in the decision of \u201cJerusalem Council\u201d, as did all the congregations planted by him (Acts 15-16). 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